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Minggu, 18 Oktober 2015

ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

A.    ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Voice usually becomes an issue when a passive-constructed sentence contains information that noticeably begs to be expressed in the active voice. In this case, the reader cannot easily comprehend your meaning. Generally speaking, the active voice is more emphatic and direct, the passive voice indirect and wordy, but both serve a purpose. Choosing between passive and active voice is a matter of style, not grammar. Changing a sentence from passive to active might affect the construction of nearby sentences, depending on the information conveyed, your purpose, and your focus.

In some disciplines, such as the sciences and technical fields, the passive voice is preferred because it eliminates mention of the person performing an action—in other words, it is an effective way to avoid writing from the first person “I” perspective. For example, instead of writing, “I observed the cells multiplying in the Petri dish,” lab report writers would use the passive voice to write, “The cells were observed multiplying in the Petri dish.” (Grand Valley State University)

B.    CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice: describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb.  We describe a sentence grammatically as having a “subject” that takes a “verb.” In the active voice, the subject is also a character or agent, something or someone who performs an action.

Passive voice: the subject is acted upon by the verb. The subject of a passive structure, however, is not a character performing an action: it is acted upon rather than acting. Some passive structures state the character in a “by phrase” while others don’t. Your word processor typically identifies passive structures containing a “by phrase,” but it often misses passives that don’t contain them.

C.     TENSES PATTERNS

Examples of Active & Passive Voice in tenses:

a.      SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES
Active
S+V1+s/es+O
Passive
O+to be(is,am,are)+by+S


b.     SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Active
S+V2+O
Passive
O+to be(was,were)+V3+by+S

c.      PRESENT PROGRESSIVE a.k.a PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Active
S+to be(is,am,are)+Ving+O
Passive
O+to be(is,am,are)+being+V3+S

d.     PAST PROGRESSIVE a.k.a PAST CONTINUOUS
Active
S+to be(was,were)+Ving+O
Passive
O+to be(was,were)+being+V3+S

e.      PRESENT PERFECT
Active
S+to be(have,has)+V3+O
Passive
O+to be(have,has)+been+V3+S

f.       PAST PERFECT
Active
S+to be(had)+V3+O
Passive
O+to be(had)+been+V3+S

g.      ACTIVE/PASSIVE with Modal/Aux
Active
S+aux/modals+V1+O
Passive
Object + may, must, can, could, ought to, should + be + verb 3
Question Form
Must, may, can, should, might + object + be + verb 3 (past participle)

D.    TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE

A transitive verb is a verb that has an object. An intransitive verb is a verb that does not have an object.

Example
I
read
A magazine
every day.
(Read is a transitive verb because it needs an object.)

verb
object


I
Run
every day.
(Run is an intransitive verb because it does not need an object.)

verb

Explanation
Transitive verbs:
·         need an object after them.
·         can take direct or indirect objects.
Intransitive verbs:
·         do not need an object.
·         can be followed by a complement, usually an adjective or adverb.
For example, Rose smells good. Subject + Verb + Complement     

Sentences written in the passive voice always contain a transitive verb. And intransitive verbs do not occur with objects. For instance, agree, appear, belong, collapse, arrive, become, depend, fall, cost, etc. For this reason, they cannot take passive forms.


E.        EXERCISES

a.      SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES
Example:
Active: Rose writes a poem
Passive: A poem is written by Rose

Change into Passive!
Active: Ircham rides a bicycle
Passive:…

Answer: a bicycle is ridden by Ircham


b.     SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Example:
Active: Rose wrote a poem
Passive: A poem was written by Rose

Change into Passive!
Active: Ircham rode a bicycle
Passive:…

Answer: A bicycle was ridden by Ircham


c.      PRESENT PROGRESSIVE a.k.a PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Example:
Active: Rose is writing a poem
Passive: A poem is being written by Rose

Change into Passive!
Active: Ircham is riding a bike
Passive:…

Answer: A bike is being ridden by Ircham


d.     PAST PROGRESSIVE a.k.a PAST CONTINUOUS
Example:
Active: Rose was writing a poem
Passive: A poem was being written by Rose

Change into Passive!
Active: Ircham was riding a bike
Passive:…

Answer: A bike was being ridden by Ircham


e.      PRESENT PERFECT
Example:
Active: Rose has written a poem
Passive: A poem has been written by Rose

Change into Passive!
Active: Ircham has ridden a bike
Passive:…

Answer: A bike has been ridden by Ircham


f.       PAST PERFECT
Example:
Active: Rose had written a poem
Passive: A poem had been written by Rose

Change into Passive!
Active: Ircham had ridden a bike
Passive:…

Answer: A bike had been ridden by Ircham


g.      ACTIVE/PASSIVE with Modal/Aux

Something must / can / should... be done by someone at sometime.
Example:
Active : Our English teacher may give an exam today.
Passive: An exam may be given by our English teacher today.

Change into Passive!

Active : Ircham must obey the traffic rules.
Passive: …

Answer: The traffic rules must be obeyed (by Ircham).


REFERENCES:

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