Meilani
Yunda Pratiwi
14612527
4
SA 04
DIRECT SPEECH (Quoted Speech) &
INDIRECT SPEECH (Reported Speech)
A. GENERAL
EXPLANATION OF DIRECT-INDIRECT
Words spoken by a
person can be reported to another person in two ways. These two ways of
narration are called direct speech and indirect speech.
Direct
speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. We may be
reporting something that's being said NOW, or telling someone later about a
previous conversation. Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech or quoted speech.
Indirect
speech is something that has been told by a person in the past
wherein the tense usually change. Because when we use indirect speech, we are
usually talking about a time in the past. The verbs therefore usually have to be
in the past too. Indirect speech or
reported speech doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said
and it doesn't have to be word for word.
Example:
·
Ray said, “I brought a rose yesterday”.
·
Ray said that he had bought a rose the day before.
Since
the first sentence quotes the exact words of the speaker or the narrator
without making any changes, it is known as Direct Speech.
And in the second sentence where we do not actually quote the speaker but still
express the same meaning as that of him, is known as Indirect or
Reported Speech. As a rule when you report something, someone has said
you go back in past tense.
Let us
consider a few more examples:
·
Direct - Adam
said, “I am going to Mosque”.
Indirect - Adam said that he was going to Mosque.
·
Direct – Seo
Jin said, “I was playing circus”.
Indirect – Seo Jin said that he had been playing circus.
·
Direct - The
teacher said,” The sun sets in the West”
Indirect – The teacher said the sun sets in the West
·
Direct - Robin
said, “I am suffering from cough.”
Indirect – Robin said that he was suffering from cough.
B. REPORTING
VERB/INTRODUCTORY VERB
A verb belonging to a class
of verbs conveying the action of speaking and used with both direct and
reported speech. Reporting verbs may also be used with a direct object and with
an infinitive construction.
Some reporting verbs may appear in more than
one of the following groups because they can be used in several ways.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY "IF" OR
"WHETHER"
|
ask
know remember |
say
see |
|
VERBS FOLLOWED BY A "THAT"
|
add
admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny |
doubt
estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat |
reply
report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn |
VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER "THAT" OR AN
INFINITIVE WITH "TO"
|
decide
expect guarantee hope |
promise
swear threaten |
|
VERBS FOLLOWED BY A "THAT" CLAUSE
CONTAINING SHOULD, WHICH MAY BE OMITTED, LEAVING A SUBJECT + ZERO-INFINITIVE
|
advise
beg demand |
insist
prefer propose |
recommend
request suggest |
VERBS FOLLOWED BY A CLAUSE STARTING WITH A QUESTION
WORD
|
decide
describe discover discuss explain forget guess |
imagine
know learn realise remember reveal say |
see
suggest teach tell think understand wonder |
VERBS FOLLOWED BY OBJECT + INFINITIVE WITH
"TO"
|
advise
ask beg command |
forbid
instruct invite |
teach
tell warn |
C. KINDS OF DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT
& INDIRECT:
a. Affirmative
b. Negative
c. Question
When transforming statements, check whether we have to
change:
·
pronouns
·
tense
·
place and time expression
1. PRONOUNS
In reported speech, we often have to change the pronoun
depending on who says what.
Example of Affirmative Sentence:
She says, “My dad likes Manchester United.” – She
says that her dad likes MU.
2. TENSES
·
If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in reported speech.
·
If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in reported speech.
|
Direct
speech
|
Reported
speech
|
|
|
(no
backshift)
|
“I write poems.”
|
He says that he writes poems.
|
|
(backshift)
|
“I write poems.”
|
He said that he wrote poems.
|
No backshift
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in
a present tense (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you
might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).
Example:
He says, “I write poems.” – He says that he writes English.
He says, “I write poems.” – He says that he writes English.
Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is
in a past tense (e. g. He said).
Example:
He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.
He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.
Examples of the main changes in tense:
|
Direct
Speech
|
Reported
Speech
|
|||
|
Simple
Present
He said: "I am happy" |
Simple
Past
He said that he was happy |
|||
|
Present
Progressive
He said: "I'm looking for my keys" |
Past
Progressive
He said that he was looking for his keys |
|||
|
Simple Past
He said: "I visited New York last year" |
Past Perfect
Simple
He said that he had visited New York the previous year. |
|||
|
Present
Perfect
He said: " I've lived here for a long time " |
Past Perfect
He said that he had lived there for a long time |
|||
|
Past Perfect
He said: "They had finished the work when Iarrived" |
Past Perfect
He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived" |
|||
|
Past
Progressive
He said: "I was playing football when the accident occurred" |
Past Perfect
Progressive
He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred |
|||
|
Present
Perfect Progressive
He said:"I have been playing football for two hours." |
Past Perfect
Progressive
He said that he had been playing football for two hours |
|||
|
Past Perfect
Progressive
He said: "I had been reading a newspaper when the light went off" |
Past Perfect
Progressive
He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light had gone off |
|||
|
Future
Simple (will+verb)
He said: "I will open the door." |
Conditional
(would+verb)
He said that he would open the door. |
|||
|
Conditional
(would+verb)
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich" |
Conditional
(would+verb)
He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had beenrich" |
|||
The modal verbs could, should, would, might, needn't, ought
to, used to do not
normally change.
Example:
He said, "She might be right." – He said that she might be right.
He said, "She might be right." – He said that she might be right.
Other modal verbs may change:
|
Modal
|
Direct
speec
|
Repored
speech
|
|
can
|
"I can do it."
|
He said he could do it.
|
|
may
|
"May I go out?"
|
He wanted to know if he might go out.
|
|
must
|
"She must apply for the job."
|
He said that she must/had
to apply for
the job.
|
|
will
|
"They will call you."
|
He tod her that they would call her.
|
Reported Speech negative - Present to Past - backshift
|
positive,
Reported Speech
negative,
Reported Speech
positive,
Reported Speech
negative,
Reported Speech
|
Ann said that
she wanted coke.
Ann said that
she didn`t want coke.
Tom said that
he was ill.
Tom said that
he wasn't ill.
|
Example:
-
“My father isn’t very well” => Rizky said that his father wasn’t very well.
3. Place, demonstratives and time expressions
Place, demonstratives and time expressions change if the
context of the reported statement (i.e. the location and/or the period of time)
is different from that of the direct speech.
In the following table, you will find the different
changes of place; demonstratives and time expressions.
We use reported speech to tell someone
what another person said.
|
Jim says to you...
|
You tell your friend what Jim said...
|
|
‘I don't feel well.’
‘I can't drive.’ ‘My parents have gone on holiday.’ |
Jim said (that) he didn't feel well.
He said (that) he couldn't drive. He said (that) his parents had gone on holiday. |
USES
A. In reported speech, we usually report what was said at a
different time, and so we change the tense to reflect the time which we are
reporting:
DIRECT:
‘I'm not playing football.’
REPORTED: He said that he wasn't playing football.
REPORTED: He said that he wasn't playing football.
B. Sometimes we need to change the pronoun.
DIRECT:
Jim: ‘I don't like living somewhere.’ (Jim is referring to
himself)
REPORTED: Jim said (that) he didn't like living somewhere. (the pronoun he refers to Jim)
REPORTED: Jim said (that) he didn't like living somewhere. (the pronoun he refers to Jim)
C. We may also need to change other words about place and time.
DIRECT:
‘I like this car.’
REPORTED: He said (that) he liked that car.
DIRECT: ‘I went to Tokyo last week.’
REPORTED: She said (that) she'd been to Tokyo the week before.
REPORTED: He said (that) he liked that car.
DIRECT: ‘I went to Tokyo last week.’
REPORTED: She said (that) she'd been to Tokyo the week before.
REPORTED QUESTION:
When transforming questions, check whether
you have to change:
·
pronouns
·
place and time expressions
·
tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
·
transform the question into an indirect
question
·
use the question word (where, when, what,
how) or if / whether
|
Types of questions
|
Direct speech
|
Reported speech
|
|
With question word (what, why, where,
how...)
|
"Why" don’t you speak English?”
|
He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
|
|
Without question word (yes or no
questions)
|
“Do you speak English?”
|
He asked me whether / if I spoke English.
|
D. IMPERATIVE
When transforming requests and commands, check whether we have to
change:
·
pronouns
·
place and time expressions
|
Direct speech
|
Reported speech
|
|
“Ircham,do the exercise.“
|
She told Ircham to do the exercise.
|
|
"Ircham, give me your phone number, please."
|
She asked Ircham to give her his phone number.
|
|
Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use to
/ not to + verb (infinitive without "to")
|
Example
She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.
She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy
|
For affirmative use to +
infinitive (without to)
For negative requests, use not to +
infinitive (without to).
|
E. EXERCISE
Exercise:
Change the following sentences from direct speech to reported speech!
Example:
Direct Speech: Janet : "I play tennis every Saturday."
Reported Speech: Janet said she played tennis every Saturday.
Direct Speech: Janet : "I play tennis every Saturday."
Reported Speech: Janet said she played tennis every Saturday.
1. Direct speech: David : "There is an excellent band playing later on."
Reported
Speech: David said ___________________________.
2. Direct speech: Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday."
Reported
Speech: Christine said ___________________________.
3. Direct speech: The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights."
Reported
Speech: The driver said ___________________________.
4. Direct speech: Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library".
Reported
Speech: Jonathan said ___________________________.
5. Direct speech: The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive."
Reported
Speech: The doctor said ___________________________.
6. Direct speech: Caroline : "Will you come to my party on Saturday?"
Reported
Speech: Caroline ___________________________.
7. Direct speech: Shop assistant: "Are you looking for something special?"
Reported
Speech: The shop assistant ___________________________.
8. Direct speech: Jack : "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help.
Reported
Speech: Jack said ___________________________.
F.
REFERENCE
